Dairy and Acne: Is There a Link?
Medical review by John Minni, DO
Does dairy cause acne? Claims of a relationship between diet and acne have circulated for decades. Depending on what you read, you may think dairy products are among the worst offenders. But what’s the reality when it comes to dairy and acne? Should you give up pizza, milkshakes or lattes for clearer skin?
Little research has been done to investigate a possible connection between dairy and acne, and some results of published studies have been pointed to opposite conclusions. What’s more, different types of dairy appear to have different effects. If the question is “Can milk cause acne?” the answer is a qualified maybe.
“Acne is a complex condition with many causes, including genetics and hormones,” said John Minni, DO, a board-certified dermatologist at Water’s Edge Dermatology. “Certain foods may contribute to acne in some people, but they won’t cause acne if you aren’t already acne prone.”
Milk and acne
If any dairy product contributes to acne — and that’s still an “if”— it’s milk. Ironically, according to at least one study, skim milk and low-fat milk may be more likely to trigger breakouts than whole milk.
If you have acne-prone skin, go ahead and eat cheese. Research has not found a connection between cheese and acne (though you may want to limit cheeses that are rich in saturated fat for other health reasons). As far as yogurt goes, spoon it up.
“Yogurt that contains probiotics might actually improve acne by reducing inflammation in the body, and potentially, by keeping the bacteria associated with acne in check,” said Dr. Minni.
Are the hormones in cow’s milk to blame?
All cow’s milk contains natural hormones. Most milk that isn’t organic also contains artificial hormones that are given to the cows to boost milk production.
In humans, hormonal changes that come with puberty, menstruation and stress can cause acne flare-ups. It’s possible that the hormones in cow’s milk could also cause flare-ups by throwing off the balance of hormones in your body.
One culprit may be insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is thought to trigger breakouts in humans. Cows produce it naturally, and the synthetic hormones given to cows makes them produce more of it.
In addition to IGF-1, various androgens — sex hormones sometimes called “male hormones,” even though females have them too — could also play a role. Testosterone, for example, causes a reaction in the body that stimulates the sebaceous glands to produce more pore-clogging sebum.
Milk and inflammation
Some people suspect that milk may worsen acne by increasing levels of inflammation in the body.
“We now know that inflammation is a major factor in acne,” said Dr. Minni. “In fact, acne is considered an inflammatory disease.”
It’s not clear how, or whether, milk inflames the body. One popular theory is that the sugar in milk boosts inflammation by spiking blood sugar and insulin levels. This might explain why skim milk appears to be more likely than whole milk to cause acne in acne-prone skin. The fat in whole milk lowers its glycemic index (though only slightly), which means slightly lower blood sugar spikes.
Milk may be more likely to cause inflammation if you consume a lot of it or you’re allergic to one of its components.
Time to give up milk?
Banning milk from your diet won’t eliminate your acne for good because it has no effect on underlying factors such as genetics. And think of your bones: They need calcium, and for many people, milk is a key dietary source. Before you give up milk, talk with a registered dietician about how to get enough calcium from other sources.
Also talk to your skin care provider about what’s causing your acne. Chances are, there are other reasons for it. Milk may be low on the list if it’s on the list at all.
How to drink milk without getting acne
If you think milk might be contributing to your breakouts, giving up milk may not be necessary. Try these measures first.
- Scale back your consumption. In one study, the more milk people drank, the stronger the acne connection was.
- Switch to whole milk.
- Buy organic.
Whatever changes you make, give them time to work. A dietary shift could take weeks or months to have a noticeable effect. And keep your expectations in check. “Most cases of acne don’t magically disappear after cutting out a food,” said Dr. Minni.
Your best bet: Work with your skin care provider, who can prescribe effective acne medication and recommend a pimple-fighting skin care routine that’s right for your skin.
Written by Jessica Brown, a health and science writer/editor based in Nanuet, New York. She has written for Prevention magazine, jnj.com, BCRF.org, and many other outlets.
‘Is Accutane Safe?’ and Other Accutane Questions Answered
Medical review by John Minni, DO
Clearing severe acne can be a challenge. When other acne treatments don’t improve deep cysts and nodules, dermatologists often recommend isotretinoin, better known as Accutane. A potent medication, it has been in use for decades. Yet the prospect of taking Accutane for acne frequently raises questions, the main one being, "Is Accutane safe?"
Even though Accutane can lead to amazing complexion transformations even in the worst cases of acne, Accutane side effects, and myths about Accutane side effects, have given the drug a bad reputation. As a result, some people with severe acne hesitate to try it, despite its potential benefits.
“In many cases, Accutane is the only treatment that will clear severe cystic acne and reduce the risk of permanent scars that can result,” said John Minni, DO, a board-certified dermatologist at Water’s Edge Dermatology. “This medication works incredibly well.”
Below are answers to the most common questions dermatologists get about Accutane from acne patients or their parents.
What Is Accutane?
Accutane was a brand name of isotretinoin, an oral medication used to treat acne and other skin conditions such as rosacea. The brand was discontinued, but isotretinoin is still commonly referred to as Accutane. The medication is usually reserved for people with severe acne — deep, painful cysts and hard lumps called nodules — that hasn’t improved with other treatments. Dermatologists may also prescribe it for cases of treatment-resistant moderate acne.
Like other acne treatments such as Retin-A (tretinoin) and Tazorac (tazarotene), Accutane is a retinoid, a compound derived from vitamin A. Vitamin A is essential for healthy skin growth. Some research suggests that lack of vitamin A may weaken the skin’s immune function, making it more vulnerable to infections and inflammatory skin conditions such as certain types of acne.
How Does Accutane Work?
Accutane fights acne in four ways.
- It shrinks the oil glands, greatly reducing the amount of oil they produce.
- It makes dead skin cells less sticky, preventing them from clogging pores when they’re sloughed off during skin’s natural cycle of renewal and shedding.
- It curbs the growth of bacteria that cause breakouts.
- It reduces inflammation, which plays a role in inflammatory types of acne, including cystic acne.
Is Accutane Safe?
When used correctly and with careful monitoring by a dermatologist, Accutane is considered a safe treatment for acne. Like any drug, it can cause side effects.
“It’s important to understand the potential side effects and weigh the risks against the benefits,” said Dr. Minni. “Have this discussion with your dermatologist so you know what to expect.”
Accutane should not be taken by pregnant women because it can cause severe birth defects.
What Are Accutane Side Effects?
The most common side effects are sun sensitivity and dryness — dry skin, dry nostrils, dry mouth and dry eyes, but above all, dry lips. Less common effects include skin itching or irritation and temporary hair thinning. Some people, usually children, develop back and joint pain while taking Accutane, but the pain goes away once treatment ends.
Accutane can cause more serious effects, including increased pressure on the brain and liver damage. These side effects are uncommon and can be detected early during routine monitoring and blood tests. Your dermatologist will also check for increased levels of “bad” (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides, which is another uncommon side effect. The latest research shows no association between Accutane use and an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease.
Patients undergo a mental health screening before taking the medication because there have been reports of people on Accutane experiencing depression, suicidal thoughts and psychosis. A link between these conditions and Accutane has not been well established, however.
How Long Does Accutane Take To Work?
Most people start to see improvement within two to three months of treatment, which typically lasts four to five months. In the first month or two, Accutane can make acne worse. If it does, tell your dermatologist. He or she may lower the starting dose and may prescribe oral prednisone to tame the acne until the flare subsides.
Is Accutane a Permanent Cure for Acne?
In most cases, Accutane cures acne permanently. A small percentage of patients experience a relapse a few months or a few years after treatment and need an additional course of isotretinoin or another type of treatment.
Can I Get Pregnant While on Accutane?
Women who take Accutane should not get pregnant. In fact, women of childbearing age who plan to take Accutane must register with the Food and Drug Administration’s iPLEDGE Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program, which was created to prevent miscarriage, premature birth and birth defects resulting from Accutane use.
As part of the program, you must have two negative pregnancy tests before you start taking the drug, and you’ll need to take monthly pregnancy tests during treatment and a final test a month after your last dose. You’re also required to use two forms of birth control for at least one month before starting Accutane, during the treatment, and for one month after treatment ends.
Can You Drink While Taking Accutane?
It’s best to limit or avoid alcohol while you’re taking Accutane. Drinking while on the medication could strain your liver. In addition, heavy drinking and Accutane can both raise levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
Written by Jessica Brown, a health and science writer/editor based in Nanuet, N.Y. She has written for Prevention magazine, jnj.com, BCRF.org, and many other outlets.
Best Moisturizer for Dry Skin: 9 Dermatologist Picks
Medical review by Jennifer Wong, DO
Dry skin can feel tight. It can itch or flake. It may even crack and bleed. Slathering on moisturizer can solve the problem and give you smoother, dewier skin, but only if you choose the right product. Some moisturizers do little to benefit dry skin, and others make flakiness and irritation worse. So what’s the best moisturizer for dry skin?
“The best moisturizers for dry skin contain two or three key ingredients, no fragrance, and not too much water,” said Jennifer Wong, DO, a dermatologist with Water’s Edge Dermatology.
“Right now, some of the most popular moisturizers are gel or gel-cream moisturizers, and these may be too light for people with dry skin,” said Dr. Wong.
Also skip the trendy moisturizers with exotic-sounding ingredients. “Products with a lot of added substances don’t necessarily provide extra hydration and can irritate dry skin,” Dr. Wong added.
Key Ingredients To Look for: Occlusives, Emollients and Humectants
Effectively moisturizing dry skin comes down to adding water and sealing in that water along with the existing moisture in skin. That means moisturizers need to contain both water and lipids — compounds such as fats, oils and waxes that don’t dissolve in water.
Occlusives and Emollients for Dry Skin
For truly dry skin, the most important ingredients are lipids that act as occlusives. (To occlude means to close up or block.) Occlusives form a layer that effectively locks in moisture and slow the evaporation of water from the outermost layer of skin, called the skin barrier. In some people with dry skin, the skin barrier is compromised, so it does a poor job of retaining moisture.
If a moisturizer is on the thicker side, you can bet it contains occlusives. Good occlusives to look for are mineral oil, petrolatum (petroleum jelly), lanolin, squalane, and silicones such as dimethicone. In some people with sensitive skin, lanolin can trigger allergic contact dermatitis. For them, a cream with squalane or another occlusive is a better option.
What is squalane? It’s a more stable form of squalene, one of the oils naturally found in the skin barrier. Squalane’s benefits include not only better-hydrated skin but also smoother skin. That’s because in addition to being an occlusive, it’s an emollient.
Emollients fill in gaps in the skin barrier, “gluing” together the skin cells there. These gaps are normally filled by the body’s own lipids. Closing them reduces roughness and softens the skin. All the occlusives mentioned above do double duty as emollients.
Ceramides: A Special Type of Emollient
Ceramides are a group of lipids that are highly beneficial for dry, tight, flaky skin. What are ceramides? They are waxy fat molecules that, along with squalene, make up part of the skin barrier.
The ceramides in skin often decrease with age. A ceramide moisturizer helps replenish them and make skin strong, supple and silky-soft. Ceramides are ideal ingredients for people with dry, sensitive skin and those with eczema-prone skin.
Humectants for Dry Skin
Other ingredients that hydrate parched skin are humectants, which draw moisture from deeper layers of skin into the outer layer. Humectants commonly found in moisturizers include hyaluronic acid, glycerin and urea.
Moisturizers that contain humectant should also contain an occlusive so the moisture that’s drawn to the skin barrier doesn’t evaporate.
Cream or Lotion: Which is Best?
If you have dry skin, choose a cream over a lotion. For your driest body parts, such as your heels, opt for an ointment. Creams contain less water than lotions or gels, so they last longer and lock in moisture better. Ointments contain even less water than creams.
Another reason to choose a cream or ointment over a lotion or gel: The less water the product contains, the fewer preservatives it needs. Preservatives can irritate sensitive skin.
Ingredients to Avoid
The best moisturizers for dry, sensitive skin are fragrance-free. Even if your skin isn’t particularly delicate, choosing a fragrance-free product is a good idea since perfumes can irritate dry skin.
If your skin is dry, also steer clear of moisturizers that contain retinols or alpha-hydroxy acids, which can strip the skin of its natural oils.
Organic skincare products are all the rage in some circles, but they aren’t right for everyone. People whose skin is both dry and sensitive may find that organic ingredients trigger contact dermatitis.
Why is My Skin so Dry Even When I Moisturize?
There are many reasons dry skin can persist despite your best efforts. These include genetics, aging, certain medications and underlying health conditions such as diabetes and hypothyroidism. Hot showers, soaps that are too harsh and frequent exposure to cold, dry air or overly dry indoor air also contribute to dry skin.
But sometimes the problem is using a moisturizer with ingredients that don’t provide the level of hydration dry skin needs. Moisturizers that contain too much water or alcohol can leave skin feeling dry again in no time.
“Alcohols are added to some moisturizers to help them penetrate the skin faster, but a good moisturizer for dry skin will list alcohol lower on the ingredients list if it contains it,” said Dr Wong.
Best Moisturizers for Dry Skin: 9 Dermatologist Picks
If your current moisturizer isn’t cutting it, it’s time to switch to one that can give you the results you’re craving. Dr. Wong recommends these nine moisturizers for dry skin. All of them contain one or more of the go-to ingredients outlined above.
Whichever moisturizer you choose, apply it two to three times a day, including after your shower or bath. You should see smoother, softer, healthier skin in no time.
- Wederm Restorative Lipid Replenishing Cream
- Cetaphil Rich Hydrating Cream
- CeraVe Moisturizing Cream
- Aquaphor Healing Ointment
- Kiehl’s Ultra Facial Moisturizer with Squalane
- Avène Cicalfate+ Restorative Protective Cream
- La Roche-Posay Toleriane Double Repair Face Moisturizer
- EltaMD PM Therapy Facial Moisturizer
- First Aid Beauty Ultra Repair Cream Intense Hydration
Written by Jessica Brown, a health and science writer/editor based in Nanuet, New York. She has written for Prevention magazine, jnj.com, BCRF.org, and many other outlets.
Crepey Skin: What Causes It and How to Treat It
Medical review by Bebe Pajo, MD
Firm but supple skin is one of the many gifts of youth that we don’t appreciate at the time but yearn for later. With age, skin becomes drier, thinner, looser and less elastic. In some people, these changes eventually give the skin the crinkly look of crepe paper.
Crepey skin is more than an aesthetic issue. Thin, fragile skin can more easily bruise, break open and bleed. While crepey skin can’t be entirely reversed, there are steps you can take to make your skin firmer and smoother.
What Causes Crepey Skin?
One cause of crepey skin is something you can't control: age.
“Aging skin naturally becomes thinner and saggier because the body produces less collagen and elastin. These proteins allow the skin to stretch, and to bounce back afterward,” said Bebe Pajo, MD, an aesthetic medicine physician at Water’s Edge Dermatology.
Age isn’t the only cause of crepey skin, however. Years of sun worshipping or tanning bed use can also lead to crepey skin or make it worse. That’s because ultraviolet rays speed the breakdown of collagen and elastin. Your genes also factor into your risk of thin, fragile skin. If your mother and grandmother had it, you're more likely to have it, too.
Smoking, sleep deprivation and consuming too much alcohol can contribute to crepey skin, as can rapid weight loss or gain.
How To Get Rid of Crepey Skin
“Crepey skin is a factor of age, genetics and sun damage, and once you have it, you can’t go back to the skin you had in your 20s or 30s,” said Dr. Pajo. “But you can absolutely improve the skin’s appearance.”
Here are some of the best crepey skin treatment options.
Crepey skin creams
To turn back the clock on crepey skin, you’ll need to moisturize, moisturize, moisturize. Moisturizing creams lock in moisture more effectively than lotions do and are often the better choice. But a plain old moisturizing cream won’t take you far enough.
“Moisturizing creams that contain retinoids, which stimulate the production of collagen and speed the generation of new skin cells, are ideal for crepey skin,” said Dr. Pajo. Choose a cream that also contains hyaluronic acid, which pulls moisture into the skin and helps thicken and plump it. “Over time and with regular use, these ingredients can make skin look less crepey.”
As far as the best cream for crepey skin goes, Dr. Pajo likes these:
- Wederm Dream Skin Rx
- ZO Growth Factor Serum
- ZO Body Emulsion
- ZO Wrinkle + Texture Repair
- DefenAge 8-in-1 Bioserum
Another beneficial ingredient to look for in skin care products, including cleansers, is alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). This group of acids, which includes glycolic acid and lactic acid, exfoliate the skin. In studies, people who used products containing AHA had noticeably thicker, smoother and firmer skin. Using a product that contains AHA on a regular basis might also offer some protection against future skin damage.
Be sure to slather on sunscreen if you use a product that contains retinoids or AHA, since both ingredients make the skin more sensitive to the sun. It’s best to apply products that contain retinoids at night.
In-office treatments
Your skin care provider has several ways to help make skin thicker, plumper and smoother.
Fractional laser skin resurfacing
Fractional laser skin resurfacing improves skin elasticity and firmness by stimulating collagen production. It also smooths wrinkles and fine lines. This treatment is not recommended for people with dark or tanned skin.
Dermal fillers
For crepey skin on the face, dermal fillers, including Sculptra Aesthetic and Radiesse filler, also stimulate collagen production and smooth wrinkles.
Profound RF
Profound RF, a combination of deep microneedling and radiofrequency energy treatment, promotes faster collagen formation in one treatment. It tightens sagging skin, improves the look of wrinkles and scars and may be used on many body parts, including the arms and legs.
Thread lift
A thread lift also encourages collagen production and lifts saggy skin. It involves placing sutures (“threads”) under the skin with a small needle to “anchor” loose skin in place. The body produces collagen as part of the healing process. “In older patients, I recommend using a combination of collagen-stimulating fillers prior to a thread lift,” said Dr. Pajo.
A healthy diet
The foods you eat matter to your skin. Aim to eat a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables to get enough of the antioxidants your skin loves.
Adequate protein is also important, since protein helps the skin repair and renew itself. Skinless chicken breast, eggs, lean meat, tofu, seitan and lentils are all good sources of protein. Older adults may need more protein than younger ones. For a general idea of how much protein you need each day, use this calculator. Your needs may be different if you have certain health conditions.
How To Prevent Crepey Skin
The best way to prevent crepey skin is to keep your skin hydrated and protect it from environmental assaults.
Wear sunscreen without fail
"Wearing sunscreen whenever you go outside is one of the simplest and most effective ways to protect against premature skin aging," said Dr. Pajo. Choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. Cover up with a long-sleeved shirt and wide-brimmed hat. Wearing pants instead of shorts can help prevent crepey skin on the legs.
Use a moisturizer daily
Moisturizer is essential. "The outermost layer of skin is a protective barrier designed to hold in moisture, but it doesn't always work as efficiently as it should," said Dr. Pajo. "Daily use of a good moisturizing cream with bonus ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, ceramides and niacinamide will help repair that barrier and lock in moisture." CeraVe Moisturizing Cream and Cetaphil Moisturizing Cream are two drugstore brands Dr. Pajo recommends.
Don’t undo the good work of your moisturizer by using a soap that strips your skin of its natural oils. Use a gentle soap or a non-soap cleanser. You may like a moisturizing body wash.
Add a daily serum
To help prevent and treat skin damage, a vitamin C serum may be a useful addition to your skin care regimen. It neutralizes free radicals, unstable molecules that sun exposure causes the body to generate. It also helps the body make collagen and increases skin cell turnover.
Another good choice for skin restoration and defense, according to Dr. Pajo, is ZO Daily Power Defense. She notes, “This barrier serum helps protect the skin against oxidative damage from free radicals, reduces signs of premature aging, speeds the restoration of the skin barrier and offers extended skin hydration to support continuously healthy skin.”
Want to improve the appearance of your crepey skin? Schedule an appointment today.
Written by Stephanie Watson, a freelance writer based in Providence, Rhode Island. She has written for WebMD, Healthline, HealthCentral, Harvard Health Publications, SELF and many other consumer health publications.
Treating Skin Cancer on the Face: 4 Tips for Patients
Medical review by David Herold, MD
Your face is usually the first part of you people see. It's also one of the most sun-exposed areas of your body, and one of the most common places for skin cancer to develop. If you’ve been diagnosed with skin cancer on the face, it’s important to find a dermatology practice that offers the full range of treatment options, including Mohs surgery and electron beam therapy.
The most common types of skin cancer on the face are basal cell carcinoma, which grows slowly, and squamous cell carcinoma, which grows faster. If caught and treated early, these cancers have high cure rates. Dermatologists have several ways to remove them, including surgical and nonsurgical methods.
When you’re considering your treatment options, the following tips can help you choose the best provider and achieve the best outcome. Especially for skin cancer on the face, the goal of treatment is to get rid of the cancer permanently with as little disfigurement as possible.
1. Realize that skin cancer treatment isn't one-size-fits-all
In some cases, the best treatment for your cancer will be clear-cut. In other cases, you may have choices, and it’s in your best interest to learn about all of them.
Your dermatologist will consider many factors before recommending a skin cancer treatment, including these:
- The type and subtype of the cancer
- The stage of the cancer
- Whether the borders are clearly defined or undefined
- The location of the cancer on your face
- Whether the cancer was treated previously
- Your overall health and how well you can tolerate surgery
Surgery is often recommended to treat basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Surgical approaches include:
- Simple excision (cutting out the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it)
- Electrodesiccation and curettage (scraping out the cancer with a spoon-shaped instrument, then applying heat to destroy any remaining cancer cells and stop the bleeding)
- Cryosurgery (freezing the tumor with liquid nitrogen)
- Laser surgery (removing the cancer using a beam of intense light)
- Mohs surgery
In Mohs surgery, the surgeon removes the visible cancer and then removes additional tissue one thin layer at a time until no more cancer cells are seen under a microscope. Because it preserves as much tissue as possible, Mohs surgery is often an ideal choice when the skin cancer is in a highly visible spot, or when removing more tissue could affect how a part of your face (such as your eye, nose or lip) functions.
Surgery isn’t always the only option or the best approach, however. In some cases, radiation for skin cancer is an excellent nonsurgical option, either as a secondary treatment (after undergoing another treatment) or on its own. Other nonsurgical treatments include topical chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy, in which medicine is applied to the skin and light is used to activate it.
2. Seek out a dermatology practice that offers a wide range of treatments
When you're facing a diagnosis of skin cancer, the more treatment options your provider offers, the better. Most dermatology practices offer many of the treatments outlined above, but some treatments, including Mohs surgery and electron beam therapy (EBT), are not available at every practice.
EBT is a cutting-edge form of radiation for skin cancer that uses a very thin beam of charged particles called electrons to destroy cancer cells without harming the healthy tissue around them. Electron beam therapy for skin cancer could be an option if you can't have surgery, or, in some cases, if you simply prefer a nonsurgical option. Compared to Mohs surgery, it may offer a better cosmetic outcome for cancer on the eyelid, ear, nose or lip. A series of daily treatments over two to six weeks is needed, but each treatment lasts only a few minutes.
3. Look for a provider with the right experience
Finding an experienced surgeon or radiation oncologist is key to getting the best result. Plus, when you're confident in your doctor, you'll be less anxious going into the procedure.
When you meet with a doctor you’re considering, check their credentials. At the least, the doctor should be a board-certified dermatologist. All board-certified dermatologists are trained in basic dermatologic surgeries, but if you’re considering Mohs surgery, for example, look for a doctor who has completed a fellowship in Mohs surgery and is a fellow of the American Society of Mohs Surgery. If you’re considering radiation, make sure the provider is board-certified in radiation oncology, and look for one who specializes in treating skin cancer.
It's also important to find a doctor who is caring and who listens to your concerns, since a cancer diagnosis is never easy.
4. Ask questions
If you have skin cancer, you’ll want to know as much as possible about your cancer, your doctor and the treatment he or she is proposing. Don’t be shy about asking questions. Here are a few questions you might want to ask:
- What type and stage of skin cancer do I have?
- What are my treatment options?
- Why did you suggest the treatment you did? What are the pros and cons?
- Are there any treatment options you haven’t presented?
- How many of these treatments have you performed?
- What is the cure rate with this treatment?
- What can I expect to happen during the treatment?
- What are the possible side effects?
- Will I have a scar afterward? How big will it be?
Remember: Your doctor is in charge of providing an accurate diagnosis and recommending the best treatment for your skin cancer. As the patient, you are in charge of making sure you’re comfortable with the doctor and the proposed treatment.
Written by Stephanie Watson, a freelance writer based in Providence, Rhode Island. She has written for WebMD, Healthline, HealthCentral, Harvard Health Publications, SELF and many other consumer health publications.
How to Get Rid of Stretch Marks
Medical review by Bebe Pajo, MD
Many women have stretch marks, and some men do, too. These rippled, indented lines on the skin are harmless, but they do stand out. If the sight of them bothers you, you’ve probably Googled “how to get rid of stretch marks.” So, what’s the answer?
“Unfortunately, there’s no way to eliminate stretch marks completely,” said Bebe Pajo, MD, a dermatologist at Water’s Edge Dermatology with a specialty in cosmetic dermatology. “But there are good treatments available today that can make them look less noticeable.” Read on to learn more.
What are stretch marks?
Stretch marks, or striae, are a type of scar. They often develop when parts of the body grow rapidly, stretching the skin to its limits. When the skin stretches, collagen and elastin — proteins that support the skin and keep it flexible — can rupture. As the skin heals, stretch marks show up in areas where ruptures occurred.
You’re most likely to develop stretch marks on your stomach, buttocks, breasts, thighs, hips, lower back or upper arms. They may be red, white, black or dark blue, depending on your skin tone. They fade over time and typically end up lighter than your normal skin. New stretch marks may be raised, but they eventually become indented.
Stretch marks aren’t painful, but they can be itchy when they’re forming.
What causes stretch marks?
Stretch mark causes include:
- Rapid weight gain or loss
- Rapid muscle gain from strength training
- Growth spurts during puberty
- Pregnancy
- Breast augmentation
- Marfan syndrome, a disease that affects the body’s connective tissue
- Cushing’s syndrome, a disorder in which the body produces too much of the hormone cortisol over long periods (cortisol weakens the skin’s elastic fibers)
- Use of a topical corticosteroid cream over a long period of time
- Smoking, which decreases skin elasticity
Having a personal or family history of stretch marks makes you more prone to them. Females are more likely to get stretch marks than males; researchers aren’t sure why, but natural fluctuations in hormone levels may play a role.
Pregnancy stretch marks, called striae gravidarum (SG), are common, especially in younger women, women who have a family history of SG, those who carry extra weight before and during pregnancy and those who give birth to heavy babies.
Do stretch marks go away?
Stretch marks fade over time, but they never disappear completely (unless the affected area of skin is cut out, such as during a tummy tuck).
If you’re unhappy with your stretch marks, talk to your dermatologist to see if you’re a good candidate for one or more of the treatments below. In some cases, more than one treatment may be recommended.
Stretch mark removal techniques
The following treatments won’t remove stretch marks, but they may make them less noticeable.
Stretch mark creams
There are many creams, lotions and gels that claim to diminish stretch marks. Their effectiveness varies. Some don’t provide any improvement.
“Stretch mark creams may be worth trying when the marks are new,” Dr. Bebe said. “But once you’ve had them for a long time, they won’t work.”
To improve your chances of seeing improvement, massage the cream into the stretch marks and apply it every day for several weeks. “If you don’t see any improvement in six weeks, the product probably won’t work for you,” said Dr. Bebe.
Some people swear by other topical treatments, such as cocoa butter and vitamin E, but none of them have been found to fade stretch marks in studies.
Retinoid cream
Prescription-strength retinoid creams such as tretinoin cream can improve the look of stretch marks that are less than a few months old. They work by triggering the production of collagen, which may cause the marks to look more like your normal skin.
Chemical peels
During a chemical peel, your dermatologist applies an acidic solution to the stretch marks. This removes the top layer of skin, causing the skin to produce more collagen and elastin as it heals.
Laser treatments
Two types of lasers are used to diminish stretch marks: ablative and non ablative. The laser treatment your dermatologist recommends will depend on several factors, including the color of your skin, the color of your stretch marks and how long you’ve had them. Depending on the size of your stretch marks, you might need several treatments.
Ablative lasers such as fractional CO2 and Erbium YAG remove the topmost layer of skin, which results in smoother skin. They also stimulate the production of collagen, which helps smooth out raised stretch marks. Fractional CO2 lasers are used for deeper scars. Erbium YAG is better for more superficial stretch marks.
If you have dark skin, fractional CO2 and Erbium YAG lasers may not be appropriate for you because they can cause post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (dark spots) or burns that can leave permanent scars.
Frax1550 laser is a non-ablative laser. It doesn’t remove the top layer of skin. Instead, it stimulates the production of collagen and elastin, which helps the scars to heal and fade. Like most lasers, Frax1550 works best on newer stretch marks, but it may help slightly with older, white stretch marks.
Radiofrequency therapy
During radiofrequency treatments, your dermatologist will aim a device that emits radio waves at the affected skin. The waves heat the skin, which triggers damage, followed by healing and the production of new collagen.
Profound RF is a device that uses both radiofrequency and microneedling to treat scars. In microneedling, tiny needles make microscopic punctures in the skin. The minor trauma coaxes the skin to produce new collagen as it repairs itself.
Radiofrequency therapy combined with microneedling poses much less risk of hyperpigmentation than ablative lasers. You’ll have bruising for seven to 10 days, but the procedure causes less post-treatment pain compared with laser treatment.
Dermabrasion
In this procedure, a dermatologist or plastic surgeon uses a rapidly rotating device to “sand” away the top layer of skin, smoothing it and minimizing the appearance of irregular skin contours such as stretch marks.
Microdermabrasion, a less invasive version of dermabrasion, may also make stretch marks less noticeable, though it won’t help as much for deep stretch marks.
How to prevent stretch marks
There aren’t many ways to keep stretch marks at bay, other than avoiding rapid gain or loss of fat or muscle. Most of the strategies you may have heard about, including applying cocoa butter, olive or almond oil or vitamin E, have been shown in studies to be ineffective.
That said, for preventing pregnancy stretch marks, several approaches may be worth trying. One study found that a daily, 15-minute massage of stretched skin using bitter almond oil helped. Creams containing hyaluronic acid or an extract of the herb Centella asiatica have also shown promise. If you’re pregnant, consult a doctor before applying any potentially irritating product to your skin.
Written by Jessica Brown, a health and science writer/editor based in Nanuet, New York. She has written for Prevention magazine, jnj.com, BCRF.org, and many other outlets.
What Causes Itchy Palms?
Medical review by Julie Forero, DO
The itchy palm superstition holds that if you have itchy palms, you’re about to experience good luck, come into money or meet someone new. But in reality, itching palms aren’t a sign of anything other than a skin or health condition that causes itching. So what causes itchy palms?
Common itchy palm causes
If you’re wondering “Why are my palms itchy?”, one of these problems may be the culprit.
Dry skin
Itching can occur due to dry skin. You may not be using hand cream often enough, or maybe you have a job that requires you to wash your hands frequently or involves keeping your hands immersed in water, which dries out the skin. The chemicals in cleaning products can also sap moisture from your hands and cause irritation that triggers itchiness.
You’re more likely to develop itchy palms when the air is dry, such as during the winter, or if you live in a dry part of the country.
Eczema (atopic dermatitis)
Itching is one of the signs of eczema, an inflammatory skin condition that can also cause cracks, bleeding and dryness to the point of peeling and flaking. A bad case of hand eczema can even cause your fingers to swell.
Eczema can be treated with over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream, prescription corticosteroid topical formulations, prescription non-steroidal creams and ointments that tamp down the immune system, and antihistamines (if the eczema is triggered by allergies). More severe cases might be treated with biologic drugs (given by injection) or oral immune-modifying medications such as methotrexate or cyclosporine. Phototherapy (light therapy) is another option.
Contact dermatitis
Itching, redness, swelling and, in severe cases, tiny fluid-filled blisters are all symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis, an allergy to something you touch. Common allergens include poison ivy, latex, fragrances, preservatives in shampoo and other products, ingredients in cleaning products and metals in rings and other jewelry. These skin allergies often get worse over time.
Irritant contact dermatitis, which produces an itchy red rash, is caused by repeat exposure to irritating soaps, detergents or industrial chemicals.
Contact dermatitis is often treated with oral antihistamines and steroid creams. If your case is severe, you might be prescribed an oral steroid. Phototherapy can also be helpful for chronic, severe allergies.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis, an immune-mediated disease, causes skin cells to grow too quickly, which can lead to itching as well as patches of thick, red skin and silvery scales. The disease may affect any area of skin, including the palms. It's treated in a variety of ways, including with topical and oral medicines, phototherapy (light therapy) and injected or infused biologics.
Diabetes
Diabetes and dry, itchy skin go hand in hand, for a host of reasons. For example, when there’s too much sugar in the blood, the body pulls more fluid from cells to make urine, which carries sugar out of the body. Diabetes also makes you more vulnerable to skin conditions that can cause itching, such as fungal infections.
Diabetes is often treated with insulin injections. A number of other injected drugs or oral drugs may also be prescribed. Getting your blood sugar under control can help ease itching. If your palms itch because you’ve developed a fungal infection, your doctor will likely recommend a topical or oral anti-fungal treatment.
Liver disease
Several types of liver diseases can cause itching. Examples include primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), which is thought to be an autoimmune disease and mainly affects women. Itching of the hands and feet may be the first sign of PBC. Fatigue is another early symptom. Chronic hepatitis C, a lifelong liver infection caused by a virus, can cause itching anywhere on the body.
Researchers have several theories about why certain liver diseases cause itching, but none have been confirmed.
Doctors use blood tests and imaging tests, if needed, to diagnose PBC. Blood tests can confirm chronic hepatitis C.
In addition to treating the liver disease, itching can be eased by using over-the-counter topical corticosteroids (hydrocortisone). If you need more relief, your doctor may prescribe one of several medications that target possible underlying causes.
Itchy palms treatment
Moisturizing, avoiding allergens, applying a cool, damp cloth and treating any underlying condition can go a long way toward easing itchy palms in many cases.
If you’re not sure what’s causing your palm itching, it’s a good idea to see a board-certified dermatologist for evaluation. Some skin abnormalities of the palms may indicate a serious condition. Tripe palms, for example, is a very rare condition that thickens the skin of the palms and feet and may cause itching. It’s associated with several types of cancer.
How to prevent palm itching
A handful of lifestyle changes can reduce palm itching and help keep it at bay.
- Wash your hands in lukewarm water instead of hot water.
- Use a gentle, fragrance-free soap.
- Regularly apply a fragrance-free moisturizing cream or ointment — not a lotion. Lotions contain more water and don’t seal in moisture as well. Ingredients to look for include dimethicone, glycerin, petrolatum, ceramides and shea butter. Cetaphil, Eucerin and CeraVe are good brands to try.
- If your hands are extremely dry, try coating them with cream or ointment before bed. Cover them with socks or gloves to protect your sheets.
- Wear gloves in cold weather.
- Wear gloves for cleaning and dishwashing. If you react to latex, wear rubber or PVC gloves with a cotton liner, or PVC gloves over cotton gloves.
- Use a humidifier to add moisture to dry indoor air. Aim for humidity levels of 30% to 50%.
Written by Jessica Brown, a health and science writer/editor based in Nanuet, New York. She has written for Prevention magazine, jnj.com, BCRF.org, and many other outlets.
What Is Sun Poisoning? A Guide to Sun Poisoning Symptoms and Treatment
Medical review by Ted Schiff, MD
A regular sunburn is uncomfortable enough, but a severe sunburn, aka sun poisoning, can leave you feeling more than scorched. You may find yourself with intense pain, plus a fever and chills, along with nausea, dizziness and a headache. Some people also develop a sun poisoning rash. When it comes to sun poisoning vs. sunburn, these symptoms are the difference.
If you have sun poisoning, also called sun sickness, you haven’t been “poisoned” by the sun, although it might feel that way. Rather, sun poisoning is caused by severe dehydration from the burn. In some cases it requires medical treatment to ease the pain, prevent infection and counter dehydration.
Sun poisoning symptoms
In addition to a bad sunburn, which may blister, symptoms and signs of sun poisoning may include any of the following:
- Skin swelling
- Fever
- Chills
- Dizziness
- Fainting
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Confusion
In addition, sun-poisoned lips may blister.
Who gets sun poisoning?
Anyone who experiences prolonged sun exposure, especially without adequate sun protection, can develop sun poisoning. The risk is higher if your sun exposure happens at high altitude or near the equator.
Certain factors make some people more vulnerable to sun poisoning, including these:
- Having fair skin
- Having a personal or family history of skin cancer
- Taking medications that increase sun sensitivity, such as retinoids, certain antibiotics, various acne medications, some antifungal medicines and certain oral contraceptives
- Using skincare products that contain alpha hydroxy acids
- Taking supplements such as St. John’s wort and vitamin B6
Bad sunburns, which can lead to sun poisoning, can happen any time you spend too much time in the sun, but they’re especially likely if you spend that time on the beach, on the water or on snow, since water, sand and snow all reflect the sun’s rays.
Sun poisoning treatment
How to treat sun poisoning depends on its severity. It’s a good idea to call your dermatologist if you have any of the signs or symptoms listed above. Your dermatologist can prescribe medication to ease your symptoms and, if necessary, prevent infection. A provider might suggest taking over-the-counter pain medicine such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen (Tylenol), but don’t take these on your own. They should be avoided by people who have certain medical conditions or take certain medications.
More severe cases of sun poisoning may require hospitalization for intravenous (IV) fluids and treatment in a burn unit. When in doubt, err on the side of going to an urgent care center or ER for evaluation.
Less severe cases of sun poisoning can be treated at home with cool compresses and showers, aloe vera gel and over-the-counter 1% hydrocortisone cream or ointment. Be sure to keep yourself well hydrated. Most people need between half an ounce and one ounce of water per day for every pound they weigh. If you weigh 150 pounds, that would be 75 to 150 ounces of water. (For reference, a gallon is 128 ounces.) Adding drinks that contain electrolytes on top of your water consumption can help you recover from dehydration faster.
Avoid alcohol while you’re recovering, since it can worsen dehydration. And of course, stay out of the sun until you’re feeling better.
Hard as it may be, resist the urge to scratch the rash or pop sun poisoning blisters, which can increase the risk of infection. Contact your provider right away if you have symptoms of infection, which include fever and chills, skin that’s warm to the touch, significant or worsening redness, red streaks, swelling and pus oozing from the skin.
How long does sun poisoning last?
It can take anywhere from two or three days to several weeks to recover from sun poisoning, depending on its severity.
To spare yourself another case of sun sickness, take these preventive measures:
- Avoid prolonged sun exposure and seek shade whenever possible.
- Apply a broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher at least 15 minutes prior to sun exposure. Reapply at least every two hours and immediately after you swim or sweat.
- Wear sun-protective clothing including a wide-brimmed hat. Don’t forget sunglasses to protect your eyes from UV-related damage.
- If possible, avoid being in the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when UV rays are strongest.
Written by Jessica Brown, a health and science writer/editor based in Nanuet, New York. She has written for Prevention magazine, jnj.com, BCRF.org, and many other outlets.
How to Get Rid of Back Acne
Medical review by John Minni, DO
Back acne, or “bacne,” can be a major summer bummer. In the winter you can keep it under wraps, but going shirtless or baring your back in a bathing suit puts the pimples on full display. If you’re wondering how to get rid of back acne, John Minni, DO, a board-certified dermatologist at Water’s Edge Dermatology, has answers.
Many of the same treatments that control facial acne can also be effective for back acne, but you’ll need to see your dermatologist if over-the-counter treatments don’t do the trick. You may want to make some lifestyle changes, too.
What causes back acne?
“The causes of facial and back acne — oil, dead skin flakes and bacteria — are the same,” said Dr. Minni. “But there are several other triggers of back acne that people need to be aware of, such as wearing tight-fitting clothes.”
These are the culprits that can lead to overproduction of oil and/or the growth of bacteria in pores.
Genetics
Genes play a major role in whether you get acne and where it develops. If you have back acne, chances are someone else in your family had it, too.
Hormones
Hormones can contribute to back acne, including female back acne. Women may get back acne in the week before their period starts, when they’re pregnant or when they’re in perimenopause or menopause. But men are more likely to get back acne than women.
“Testosterone stimulates the sebaceous glands to produce more oil, and there are a lot of sebaceous glands on the back, particularly the upper back,” Dr. Minni explained.
Sweat and friction
Wearing tight clothing, protective sports padding or a backpack can trap sweat and create friction that leads to bacne or makes existing bacne worse. The longer you let the sweat sit before showering, the bigger the problem.
Long hair
People with long hair may develop back acne, as well as acne on the back of the neck, from the hair care products they use, according to Dr. Minni.
“If you’re using heavy products such as deep conditioners and hair oils, these can be transferred from your hair to your upper back and cause acne.”
Medications
In some cases, back acne is a side effect of medication. Oral and topical steroids and certain cancer medications, for example, can trigger back acne in some people.
Types of back acne
Any type of acne can develop on the back, including whiteheads, blackheads, red bumps, pus-filled pimples, hard nodules and deep, painful cysts. You may have just one type of bacne or a combination of types. The upper back and shoulders are the most common sites, but some people develop acne all over their back and torso.
Back acne can be mild, severe or somewhere in between, and it may not match the severity of your facial acne. “You can have terrible back acne but mild facial acne and vice versa,” said Dr. Minni.
How to get rid of back acne: The best back acne treatment
Many of the same products you use to treat facial acne are also recommended for back acne, but treating back acne is less successful overall, according to Dr. Minni. That may be due to the challenge of applying topical treatments to your own back, as well as the fact that body acne can be deeper and more stubborn than facial acne.
You may not be able to get rid of back acne on your own unless it’s mild. If you have moderate to severe back acne, or you’ve been using over-the-counter products for eight weeks with no improvement, see your dermatologist.
Over-the-counter back acne treatments
- Acne-fighting cleanser. Choose one that contains salicylic acid or sulfur. (Dr. Minni cautions that benzoyl peroxide can bleach clothing.) Salicylic acid reduces acne and exfoliates the skin, keeping the pores clear of oil and dead skin. Sulfur reduces oiliness, prevents pore blockages and fights bacteria. An over-the-counter sulfur wash may be effective as a back acne wash, but if it doesn’t help enough, your dermatologist may recommend a prescription-strength version.
- Azelaic acid. Available in gels, foams and cream foams, azelaic acid clears pores, calms inflammation and encourages faster healing of acne with less scarring. You can find azelaic acid products at your local pharmacy, but your dermatologist may recommend a prescription-strength version if they don’t deliver results.
- Adapalene (Differin). This OTC retinoid helps unclog pores and prevents new acne from forming. It also improves skin’s texture and tone. Adapalene is often used in combination with benzoyl peroxide for maximum effectiveness, but it also works when used alone.
Prescription back acne treatments
- Topical retinoids. Prescription-strength retinoids, including tazarotene (Tazorac) and tretinoin (Retin-A), fight acne in the same ways adapalene does but they are stronger and more likely to work for moderate to severe back acne.
- Oral or topical antibiotics. Antibiotics slow or stop the growth of bacteria that infiltrate clogged pores. “People might hesitate to take oral antibiotics, but when prescribed for acne, the dose is so low that it doesn’t contribute to antibiotic resistance,” Dr. Minni noted.
- Isotretinoin. Known by its former brand name, Accutane, isotretinoin may be recommended if your back acne doesn’t respond well to antibiotics or you have deep, painful acne cysts and nodules on your back. This oral medication can have serious side effects (liver damage, pregnancy risks such as severe birth defects and miscarriage), so you’ll be closely monitored by your dermatologist while you take it.
In-office procedures
Treatments such as chemical peels and light or laser therapy can fight back acne. Chemical peels work by preventing clogged pores. Light or laser therapy targets bacteria that contributes to acne.
How to prevent back acne
Back acne can be hard to prevent if you’re genetically prone to develop it or if it’s triggered by hormones, but these steps may help you keep the worst of it at bay.
- Be gentle. Using harsh scrubs or astringents or tools such as loofahs or back brushes can make back acne worse.
- Shower ASAP after you sweat. If you can’t, use oil-free cleansing wipes to remove sweat.
- Avoid fabrics and bags that trap sweat. Wear loose clothes made of breathable cotton or sweat-wicking material and wash them after each wearing. If you use a backpack, consider switching to a shoulder bag or duffle.
- Cover up in the sun. Contrary to popular belief, sun exposure isn’t good for acne. When the sun’s UV rays dehydrate the skin, it responds by producing even more oil, leading to breakouts.
- Don’t pick. Popping pimples damages the skin and can cause scars.
- Use clean linens and towels. Wash your bedding and towels regularly so bacteria doesn’t build up on them and transfer back to your skin. Always use a fresh towel after showering.
- Tweak your hair care routine. In the shower, wash and condition your hair first, then wash your body so the hair care products get washed away. If you have long hair, wear it up when you exercise so oil and dirt don’t transfer to your skin.
Written by Jessica Brown, a health and science writer/editor based in Nanuet, New York. She has written for Prevention magazine, jnj.com, BCRF.org, and many other outlets.
Why Is My Scalp So Itchy? 8 Possible Explanations
Medical review by Ted Schiff, MD
The scalp is one of those parts of the body you don’t usually think about — unless it constantly itches. If it does, you know the particular torture itching can cause. Because there are so many possible causes of itchy scalp, you may need the help of a dermatologist to solve the mystery of “Why is my scalp so itchy?” Plus, itchy scalp treatment may include medications that are available only by prescription.
Below are eight conditions that could have you scratching your head.
1. Dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis
The most common reason for an itchy scalp is dandruff, which causes annoying flakes of dead skin that fall from the scalp. Dandruff affects only the scalp, and the flakes are usually small and white or yellowish-white.
A more severe form of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, can affect other parts of the body in addition to the scalp, such as the face and upper chest. Unlike dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis also causes scaling and inflammation, and the flakes are greasy and typically more yellow than white.
Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis can be caused by oily and irritated skin, dry skin or a type of fungus called malasezzia.
What to do: In most cases, you can treat dandruff with a dandruff shampoo. See your dermatologist if it doesn’t help or if you have symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis.
2. Head lice
Head lice are parasites that live on the scalp and sometimes the eyebrows and eyelashes. Children are usually the ones to get head lice, but the critters can spread to people of any age. In addition to itching, you may experience a tickling feeling caused by crawling of the lice. Scratching may cause sores on your head.
What to do: You may be able to get rid of lice at home using an over-the-counter permethrin lotion (Nix), but it’s smart to confirm the diagnosis with a dermatologist first. If symptoms persist, the dermatologist may recommend a prescription treatment.
3. Scabies
Scabies occurs when the top layer of skin is infested with mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) that lay their eggs there. The itching can be intense, especially at night, and you’ll see a pimple-like rash. Scabies can affect the scalp, but in adults, it usually affects other areas instead. Scabies in babies and very young children may affect much of the body, including the scalp.
Anyone can get scabies, but it’s more common in places such as nursing homes and childcare facilities, where people share close quarters and tend to have body and skin contact.
What to do: See a doctor or dermatologist. Scabies can be treated only with prescription medications called scabicides.
4. Psoriasis
This autoimmune disease causes the body to produce skin cells too rapidly. The cells accumulate and form patches or spots. The most common type of psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, causes itching, scaliness and patches of thick, red skin (plaques), often on the elbows, knees and the lower back.
Scalp psoriasis can cause a dry, itchy, flaky scalp, silvery-white scales and red, bumpy patches. The symptoms may extend to the forehead, back of the neck and behind the ears. Unlike seborrheic dermatitis, which can crop up throughout the scalp, scalp psoriasis tends to have a very clear beginning and end.
What to do: See a dermatologist. If the doctor suspects psoriasis, they may refer you to a rheumatologist for treatment.
5. Ringworm (tinea capitis)
When ringworm affects the scalp, it’s called tinea capitis. Despite its name, ringworm is caused by a fungal infection, not worms. The rash appears as ring-shaped patches, which may be pink or red in people with light skin and brown or gray in those with dark skin. The patches are flat with a raised, scaly border, and they can be extremely itchy.
Ringworm is more common in children, but adults can get it, too, particularly postmenopausal women and people who have a compromised immune system.
What to do: Visit your dermatologist. Using an anti-fungal shampoo can be helpful in treating ringworm, but you’ll also need to take prescription anti-fungal medication to get of it.
6. Contact dermatitis or atopic dermatitis (eczema)
An itchy rash on your scalp may be a sign of contact dermatitis, which is triggered by contact with something that irritates your skin or something you’re allergic to. An ingredient in your shampoo, conditioner, hair dye (particularly black hair dye) or another product that touches your scalp is usually the culprit. In addition to being itchy, contact dermatitis can cause redness, inflammation and sores.
Another form of dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, can affect the scalp and cause itching. It usually develops in people with a personal or family history of asthma or hay fever. Other symptoms you may notice include dry, cracked and discolored skin. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic condition that comes and goes throughout your life.
What to do: For contact dermatitis, avoid the products that cause your symptoms. If you’re having trouble identifying them, see your dermatologist for help. If you think you may have atopic dermatitis, visit a dermatologist, who will develop an individualized treatment plan for you.
7. Scarring alopecia
Some cases of scarring alopecia, also called cicatricial alopecia, can make the scalp itch. In this condition, inflammation damages the hair follicles, causing scarring and patchy hair loss. The cause of the inflammation often isn’t clear, though in some people, a serious infection or a trauma such as a burn may be responsible.
What to do: See a dermatologist ASAP. While the hair loss is permanent, early treatment can prevent further hair loss and scarring.
8. Skin cancer
Itching on the scalp that coincides with a new growth or other skin change on the scalp can be a sign of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma can all appear on the scalp.
What to do: If you notice any skin change on your scalp, such as a flesh-colored waxy bump, a firm red bump, a flat lesion, a scaly patch, a large brown spot, a recurring sore or a mole that follows the ABCDE rules, get it checked by your dermatologist right away.
Written by Jessica Brown, a health and science writer/editor based in Nanuet, New York. She has written for Prevention magazine, jnj.com, BCRF.org, and many other outlets.